The Oxygenated Biomarker as an Indicator of Origin and Maturity of Miocene Brown Coal, Sangatta Coal Mines, East Kalimantan

The purpose of this research is to study the effect of pyrolysis temperature to the wood vinegar chemical composition by be produced wood vinegar, charcoal, biofuel etc. The variation of pyrolysis temperatures were 110, 200, 300, 400 and 500 °C at 5 hours. That pine wood vinegar yield obtained were 13.80%, 16.12%, 11.99%, 15.51% and 0.90 %. Analysis DTA (Diferential Thermal Analysis) showed thermal decompotition occurs at 227, 320.2 and 349.7 °C. Identification of GC-MS of pine sawdust could provide...

Bioremediation of petroleum sludge was conducted by using land-farming method in micro scale and by applying an indigenous bacteria Bacillus megaterium. The samples were from PT. Pertamina Musi Banyuasin district of South Sumatra. The research aim was to evaluate the performance of the bacteria in degrading petroleum sludge. The rate of the biodegradation process was determined by using differential method and the data analyses show that the reaction order is 0.74. Then, the rate of biodegradation constant was determined by using an integral method assuming that the biodegradation process was a first reaction order. From the calculation, it was revealed that the biodegradation reaction constant was 0.0204/day. The bioremediation-kinetics model is y = -0.0204X + 2.0365, and by using this model the bioremediation process could be ended after 99.83 days. The qualitative analysis was carried out by using GC-MS to investigate...

Black streak discolorations in the heartwood of teak (Tectona grandis) may lead to considerable economic loss. Unfortunately, the actual properties of the discolored wood remain unknown as yet. In this paper, the influence of wood extractives on black streaked heartwood color was evaluated by successive solvent extraction (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and hot-water) and color measurement (CIELab system). The change in color co-ordinates, difference in brightness (DL*), difference in redness (Da*), and difference in yellowness (Db*), between sucessively extracted and control sample was also calculated. Color of black streaked heartwood changed by any solvents, whereas n-hexane and ethyl acetate extractions apparently increased the brightness L* values. Extraction with methanol and hot water slightly affected the color differences. However, some differences were still observed in the color properties between the black streaked and normal heartwood, indicating that some substances are polymeric and tightly bound to the cell wall matrix. Some quinones : tectoquinone, tectol, lapachol, desoxylapachol and its isomer, were detected as major compounds by means of GC-MS in the n-hexane and ethyl acetate soluble extracts. The involvement of those...