Alipes Imhoff 1854
| Main Authors: | Schileyko, Arkady A., Vahtera, Varpu, Edgecombe, Gregory D. |
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| Format: | info publication-taxonomictreatment Journal |
| Terbitan: |
, 2020
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: |
https://zenodo.org/record/4457015 |
Daftar Isi:
- (!) Alipes Imhoff, 1854 Figs 84–88 Type species. Alipes multicostis Imhoff, 1854 (by monotypy). Diagnosis. Median tooth of labrum well developed. Forcipular tooth-plates present, trochantero-prefemur with well-developed process (Fig. 86). Tergites with some (usually five) longitudinal keels (Fig. 87); well-developed spinules (not tubercles, as noted Edgecombe & Bonato 2011) of various sizes arranged along the keels (“spinulated keels”, see above). Space between tergal keels spinulated (not granulated, as noted Edgecombe & Bonato 2011). Sternites lacking both paramedian sutures and longitudinal sulci, sometimes with some (in most species three) shallow depressions. LBS 7 lacking spiracles, the latter with an atrium. Legs with tarsal spur(s). Coxopleural process very short, apically rounded and spineless (Fig. 88). Ultimate legs considerably elongated, prefemur and femur normal, tibia and tarsi strongly flattened forming an oval leaf-shaped structure (Fig. 85), with stridulatory grates on opposite surfaces of tibia and tarsus 1; pretarsus rudimentary or totally reduced. Ultimate prefemur (Fig. 88) lacking both spines and corner spine; in A. appendiculatus Pocock, 1896 and A. calcipes Cook, 1897 prefemur with a median digitiform process attaching close to its base. This process is long in males (fig. 214 in Attems 1930) and rudimentary in females and is similar to that of Parotostigmus males. Number of species. 7 (Bonato et al. 2016). Sexual dimorphism. Present in two species. Remarks. Treated as a genus by Edgecombe & Bonato (2011: 402), Vahtera et al. (2012a: 7, 2012b: 235, 2013: 581), Joshi & Edgecombe (2018: 1318). The most recent morphological accounts on Alipes are Lewis (2001) and Iorio (2003). (!) Ethmostigmus Pocock, 1898 Figs 101–105 Type species. Scolopendra trigonopoda Leach, 1817 (by subsequent designation of Attems 1930). Diagnosis. Median tooth of labrum well developed. Forcipular tooth-plates present, trochantero-prefemoral processes virtually absent (Fig. 102). Tergites consistently lacking longitudinal keels. Sternites with paramedian sutures and/or sulci both developed to varying degrees (figs 25, 26 in Schileyko & Stoev 2016). LBS 7 with spiracles, spiracles virtually without atrium (Fig. 103). Legs with tarsal spur(s). Coxopleural process (Fig. 105) from moderate (fig. 34 in Schileyko & Stagl) to very long and large (Fig. 104), only short in some Australian species (e.g., E. curtipes Koch, 1983). Ultimate legs of “common” shape (Fig. 101), but in a few species—for example in Ethmostigmus rubripes rubripes (Brandt, 1840) —these legs may be much shortened and broadened (becoming pracrically “pincershaped”) as a result of geographic variability (see Schileyko & Stagl 2004: 120). Prefemur of the ultimate leg with spines plus well-developed corner spine (Figs 101, 105); claw-shaped pretarsus in most species neither elongated nor enlarged, rarely as long as tarsus 2. Number of species. 17 (Edgecombe & Bonato 2011), 22 (Bonato et al. 2016), 15 (Joshi & Edgecombe 2018), 19 (Joshi & Edgecombe 2019). Sexual dimorphism. Unknown. Remarks. Treated as a genus in Edgecombe & Bonato (2011: 402), Vahtera et al. (2012a: 7, 2012b: 235, 2013: 584), Schileyko & Stoev (2016: 258), Joshi & Edgecombe (2018: 1316), Siriwut et al. (2018: 1005), Joshi & Edgecombe (2019: 1). The most recent morphological account on Ethmostigmus is Joshi & Edgecombe (2018). (!) Rhysida H.C. Wood, 1862 Figs 106–109 Type species. Branchiostoma lithobioides Newport, 1845 (by subsequent designation of Attems 1930). Diagnosis. Median tooth of labrum well developed. Forcipular tooth-plates present, trochantero-prefemur with well-developed process (Fig. 106). Tergites never with longitudinal keels (except for median one in a few species). Sternites with incomplete paramedian sutures (in some species much shortened, sometimes also with median and lateral depressions of various sizes/shapes. LBS 7 with spiracles, the latter with atrium (Fig. 108). Legs with tarsal spur(s), legs 1 without prefemoral spur. Coxopleural process (Fig. 109) ranging from short to very long and much enlarged (figs 4F and 9F in Siriwut et al. 2018, respectively), with spines (at least with apical ones). Prefemur of the ultimate leg with spines (Fig. 107), more rarely (for example in R. celeris) without them; pronounced corner spine absent (in some species 1(2) spines at its place, Fig. 107). Ultimate pretarsus well-developed, with accessory spines. Number of species. 36 (Joshi et al. 2020). Sexual dimorphism. Unknown. Remarks. Treated as a genus in Edgecombe & Bonato (2011: 402), Vahtera et al. (2012a: 7, 2012b: 238, 2013: 578), Chagas-Jr (2013: 17), Schileyko (2014: 182), Schileyko & Stoev (2016: 255), Siriwut et al. (2018: 1005); Joshi et al. (2020); the latter work is the most recent account on this genus (see also Remarks to Alluropus below). In 2013 Chagas-Jr synonymized seven species of Rhysida (namely R. caripensis, R. guayanica, R. maritima, R. monaguensis, R. neoesparanta, R. porlamarensis and R. sucupaensis) described by González-Sponga (2002) to R. celeris. Five new species were described from India by Joshi et al. (2020). We re-investigated a dozen specimens of R. celeris from Peru (Rc 6685) and Brazil (Rc 7272), R. immarginata (Porat, 1876) from Papua New Guinea (Rc 7091), R. longipes (Newport, 1845) from Cambodia (Rc 7003) and Peru (Rc 6683), R. lithobioides (Newport, 1845) from Sumatra (Rc 7232). All the studied specimens showed a total absence of both a corner spine of the ultimate legs (Fig. 107) and a prefemoral spur on legs 1. (!) Alluropus Silvestri, 1911 Figs 110–112 Type species. Alluropus demangei Silvestri, 1911 (by monotypy). This species was synonymized with A. calcaratus (Pocock, 1891) (former Rhysida calcarata) by Siriwut et al. (2018: 1029). Diagnosis. Median tooth of labrum well developed. Forcipular tooth-plates present, trochantero-prefemur with well-developed process (Fig. 111). Tergites lacking longitudinal keels. Sternites with paramedian sutures which may be incomplete. LBS 7 with spiracles, the spiracles with atrium (fig. 21J in Siriwut et al. 2018). Legs with tarsal spur(s), legs 1 with prefemoral spur (Fig. 111). Coxopleural process normally developed, with spines (Fig. 110). Prefemur of the ultimate leg with numerous spines ventro-medially and ventro-laterally (not with “a row of shallow tubercles” as written in Edgecombe & Bonato 2011: 402). This prefemur with well-developed corner spine of characteristic shape: long and enlarged in males (Fig. 110) and visibly smaller, comb-like in females (Fig. 112, fig. 22H in Siriwut et al. 2018). Ultimate tarsus 1 in males considerably swollen, with short, blunt dorsodistal projection (Fig. 110) followed by a disproportionately slender tarsus 2; pretarsus well-developed, with accessory spines. Number of species. 1. Sexual dimorphism. Present. Remarks. Treated as a genus in Edgecombe & Bonato (2011: 402), Siriwut et al. (2018: 1005). The latter authors wrote in the Diagnosis of Alluropus (p. 1029): “... leg 1 with prefemoral ... spurs. ... Ultimate legs with male secondary sexual characters, such as swollen structure of tarsus 1 and dorsomedian projection [= corner spine] on prefemur” and (p. 1032): “The original description of R. calcarata also indicated characteristics of Alluropus, such as ... and a prefemoral process on the ultimate legs that has not been reported in most South-East Asian Rhysida such as R. longipes, R. singaporiensis, R. immarginata and R. monticola ”. Based on re-investigation of ZMMU’s material of both Rhysida (see Remarks above) and Alluropus calcaratus (Pocock, 1891) —an adult female ca 30 mm long from Central Laos (Rc 7161), mentioned by Schileyko (2007: 83) as Rhysida calcarata Pocock, 1891 —we confirm these characters as diagnostic for Alluropus. None of the re-studied specimens of Rhysida (from either South-East Asia or the Neotropics, see above) have a prefemoral spur on leg 1 or a corner spine on the ultimate prefemur (Fig. 107). The re-studied specimen of Alluropus calcaratus has a coxopleural process of medium length with apical and subapical + lateral (or posterior coxopleural?) spines (i.e. as in the corresponding pictures of Siriwut et al. 2018), relatively short ultimate legs, the prefemur with spines and a very characteristic comb-like corner spine (figs 22G, 22H of Siriwut et al. 2018). These characters are virtually identical to those of females of A. calcaratus as presented in Siriwut et al. (2018). (!) Ethmostigmus Pocock, 1898 Figs 101–105 Type species. Scolopendra trigonopoda Leach, 1817 (by subsequent designation of Attems 1930). Diagnosis. Median tooth of labrum well developed. Forcipular tooth-plates present, trochantero-prefemoral processes virtually absent (Fig. 102). Tergites consistently lacking longitudinal keels. Sternites with paramedian sutures and/or sulci both developed to varying degrees (figs 25, 26 in Schileyko & Stoev 2016). LBS 7 with spiracles, spiracles virtually without atrium (Fig. 103). Legs with tarsal spur(s). Coxopleural process (Fig. 105) from moderate (fig. 34 in Schileyko & Stagl) to very long and large (Fig. 104), only short in some Australian species (e.g., E. curtipes Koch, 1983). Ultimate legs of “common” shape (Fig. 101), but in a few species—for example in Ethmostigmus rubripes rubripes (Brandt, 1840) —these legs may be much shortened and broadened (becoming pracrically “pincershaped”) as a result of geographic variability (see Schileyko & Stagl 2004: 120). Prefemur of the ultimate leg with spines plus well-developed corner spine (Figs 101, 105); claw-shaped pretarsus in most species neither elongated nor enlarged, rarely as long as tarsus 2. Number of species. 17 (Edgecombe & Bonato 2011), 22 (Bonato et al. 2016), 15 (Joshi & Edgecombe 2018), 19 (Joshi & Edgecombe 2019). Sexual dimorphism. Unknown. Remarks. Treated as a genus in Edgecombe & Bonato (2011: 402), Vahtera et al. (2012a: 7, 2012b: 235, 2013: 584), Schileyko & Stoev (2016: 258), Joshi & Edgecombe (2018: 1316), Siriwut et al. (2018: 1005), Joshi & Edgecombe (2019: 1). The most recent morphological account on Ethmostigmus is Joshi & Edgecombe (2018). (!) Rhysida H.C. Wood, 1862 Figs 106–109 Type species. Branchiostoma lithobioides Newport, 1845 (by subsequent designation of Attems 1930). Diagnosis. Median tooth of labrum well developed. Forcipular tooth-plates present, trochantero-prefemur with well-developed process (Fig. 106). Tergites never with longitudinal keels (except for median one in a few species). Sternites with incomplete paramedian sutures (in some species much shortened, sometimes also with median and lateral depressions of various sizes/shapes. LBS 7 with spiracles, the latter with atrium (Fig. 108). Legs with tarsal spur(s), legs 1 without prefemoral spur. Coxopleural process (Fig. 109) ranging from short to very long and much enlarged (figs 4F and 9F in Siriwut et al. 2018, respectively), with spines (at least with apical ones). Prefemur of the ultimate leg with spines (Fig. 107), more rarely (for example in R. celeris) without them; pronounced corner spine absent (in some species 1(2) spines at its place, Fig. 107). Ultimate pretarsus well-developed, with accessory spines. Number of species. 36 (Joshi et al. 2020). Sexual dimorphism. Unknown. Remarks. Treated as a genus in Edgecombe & Bonato (2011: 402), Vahtera et al. (2012a: 7, 2012b: 238, 2013: 578), Chagas-Jr (2013: 17), Schileyko (2014: 182), Schileyko & Stoev (2016: 255), Siriwut et al. (2018: 1005); Joshi et al. (2020); the latter work is the most recent account on this genus (see also Remarks to Alluropus below). In 2013 Chagas-Jr synonymized seven species of Rhysida (namely R. caripensis, R. guayanica, R. maritima, R. monaguensis, R. neoesparanta, R. porlamarensis and R. sucupaensis) described by González-Sponga (2002) to R. celeris. Five new species were described from India by Joshi et al. (2020). We re-investigated a dozen specimens of R. celeris from Peru (Rc 6685) and Brazil (Rc 7272), R. immarginata (Porat, 1876) from Papua New Guinea (Rc 7091), R. longipes (Newport, 1845) from Cambodia (Rc 7003) and Peru (Rc 6683), R. lithobioides (Newport, 1845) from Sumatra (Rc 7232). All the studied specimens showed a total absence of both a corner spine of the ultimate legs (Fig. 107) and a prefemoral spur on legs 1. (!) Alluropus Silvestri, 1911 Figs 110–112 Type species. Alluropus demangei Silvestri, 1911 (by monotypy). This species was synonymized with A. calcaratus (Pocock, 1891) (former Rhysida calcarata) by Siriwut et al. (2018: 1029). Diagnosis. Median tooth of labrum well developed. Forcipular tooth-plates present, trochantero-prefemur with well-developed process (Fig. 111). Tergites lacking longitudinal keels. Sternites with paramedian sutures which may be incomplete. LBS 7 with spiracles, the spiracles with atrium (fig. 21J in Siriwut et al. 2018). Legs with tarsal spur(s), legs 1 with prefemoral spur (Fig. 111). Coxopleural process normally developed, with spines (Fig. 110). Prefemur of the ultimate leg with numerous spines ventro-medially and ventro-laterally (not with “a row of shallow tubercles” as written in Edgecombe & Bonato 2011: 402). This prefemur with well-developed corner spine of characteristic shape: long and enlarged in males (Fig. 110) and visibly smaller, comb-like in females (Fig. 112, fig. 22H in Siriwut et al. 2018). Ultimate tarsus 1 in males considerably swollen, with short, blunt dorsodistal projection (Fig. 110) followed by a disproportionately slender tarsus 2; pretarsus well-developed, with accessory spines. Number of species. 1. Sexual dimorphism. Present. Remarks. Treated as a genus in Edgecombe & Bonato (2011: 402), Siriwut et al. (2018: 1005). The latter authors wrote in the Diagnosis of Alluropus (p. 1029): “... leg 1 with prefemoral ... spurs. ... Ultimate legs with male secondary sexual characters, such as swollen structure of tarsus 1 and dorsomedian projection [= corner spine] on prefemur” and (p. 1032): “The original description of R. calcarata also indicated characteristics of Alluropus, such as ... and a prefemoral process on the ultimate legs that has not been reported in most South-East Asian Rhysida such as R. longipes, R. singaporiensis, R. immarginata and R. monticola ”. Based on re-investigation of ZMMU’s material of both Rhysida (see Remarks above) and Alluropus calcaratus (Pocock, 1891) —an adult female ca 30 mm long from Central Laos (Rc 7161), mentioned by Schileyko (2007: 83) as Rhysida calcarata Pocock, 1891 —we confirm these characters as diagnostic for Alluropus. None of the re-studied specimens of Rhysida (from either South-East Asia or the Neotropics, see above) have a prefemoral spur on leg 1 or a corner spine on the ultimate prefemur (Fig. 107). The re-studied specimen of Alluropus calcaratus has a coxopleural process of medium length with apical and subapical + lateral (or posterior coxopleural?) spines (i.e. as in the corresponding pictures of Siriwut et al. 2018), relatively short ultimate legs, the prefemur with spines and a very characteristic comb-like corner spine (figs 22G, 22H of Siriwut et al. 2018). These characters are virtually identical to those of females of A. calcaratus as presented in Siriwut et al. (2018). (!) Rhysida H.C. Wood, 1862 Figs 106–109 Type species. Branchiostoma lithobioides Newport, 1845 (by subsequent designation of Attems 1930). Diagnosis. Median tooth of labrum well developed. Forcipular tooth-plates present, trochantero-prefemur with well-developed process (Fig. 106). Tergites never with longitudinal keels (except for median one in a few species). Sternites with incomplete paramedian sutures (in some species much shortened, sometimes also with median and lateral depressions of various sizes/shapes. LBS 7 with spiracles, the latter with atrium (Fig. 108). Legs with tarsal spur(s), legs 1 without prefemoral spur. Coxopleural process (Fig. 109) ranging from short to very long and much enlarged (figs 4F and 9F in Siriwut et al. 2018, respectively), with spines (at least with apical ones). Prefemur of the ultimate leg with spines (Fig. 107), more rarely (for example in R. celeris) without them; pronounced corner spine absent (in some species 1(2) spines at its place, Fig. 107). Ultimate pretarsus well-developed, with accessory spines. Number of species. 36 (Joshi et al. 2020). Sexual dimorphism. Unknown. Remarks. Treated as a genus in Edgecombe & Bonato (2011: 402), Vahtera et al. (2012a: 7, 2012b: 238, 2013: 578), Chagas-Jr (2013: 17), Schileyko (2014: 182), Schileyko & Stoev (2016: 255), Siriwut et al. (2018: 1005); Joshi et al. (2020); the latter work is the most recent account on this genus (see also Remarks to Alluropus below). In 2013 Chagas-Jr synonymized seven species of Rhysida (namely R. caripensis, R. guayanica, R. maritima, R. monaguensis, R. neoesparanta, R. porlamarensis and R. sucupaensis) described by González-Sponga (2002) to R. celeris. Five new species were described from India by Joshi et al. (2020). We re-investigated a dozen specimens of R. celeris from Peru (Rc 6685) and Brazil (Rc 7272), R. immarginata (Porat, 1876) from Papua New Guinea (Rc 7091), R. longipes (Newport, 1845) from Cambodia (Rc 7003) and Peru (Rc 6683), R. lithobioides (Newport, 1845) from Sumatra (Rc 7232). All the studied specimens showed a total absence of both a corner spine of the ultimate legs (Fig. 107) and a prefemoral spur on legs 1. (!) Alluropus Silvestri, 1911 Figs 110–112 Type species. Alluropus demangei Silvestri, 1911 (by monotypy). This species was synonymized with A. calcaratus (Pocock, 1891) (former Rhysida calcarata) by Siriwut et al. (2018: 1029). Diagnosis. Median tooth of labrum well developed. Forcipular tooth-plates present, trochantero-prefemur with well-developed process (Fig. 111). Tergites lacking longitudinal keels. Sternites with paramedian sutures which may be incomplete. LBS 7 with spiracles, the spiracles with atrium (fig. 21J in Siriwut et al. 2018). Legs with tarsal spur(s), legs 1 with prefemoral spur (Fig. 111). Coxopleural process normally developed, with spines (Fig. 110). Prefemur of the ultimate leg with numerous spines ventro-medially and ventro-laterally (not with “a row of shallow tubercles” as written in Edgecombe & Bonato 2011: 402). This prefemur with well-developed corner spine of characteristic shape: long and enlarged in males (Fig. 110) and visibly smaller, comb-like in females (Fig. 112, fig. 22H in Siriwut et al. 2018). Ultimate tarsus 1 in males considerably swollen, with short, blunt dorsodistal projection (Fig. 110) followed by a disproportionately slender tarsus 2; pretarsus well-developed, with accessory spines. Number of species. 1. Sexual dimorphism. Present. Remarks. Treated as a genus in Edgecombe & Bonato (2011: 402), Siriwut et al. (2018: 1005). The latter authors wrote in the Diagnosis of Alluropus (p. 1029): “... leg 1 with prefemoral ... spurs. ... Ultimate legs with male secondary sexual characters, such as swollen structure of tarsus 1 and dorsomedian projection [= corner spine] on prefemur” and (p. 1032): “The original description of R. calcarata also indicated characteristics of Alluropus, such as ... and a prefemoral process on the ultimate legs that has not been reported in most South-East Asian Rhysida such as R. longipes, R. singaporiensis, R. immarginata and R. monticola ”. Based on re-investigation of ZMMU’s material of both Rhysida (see Remarks above) and Alluropus calcaratus (Pocock, 1891) —an adult female ca 30 mm long from Central Laos (Rc 7161), mentioned by Schileyko (2007: 83) as Rhysida calcarata Pocock, 1891 —we confirm these characters as diagnostic for Alluropus. None of the re-studied specimens of Rhysida (from either South-East Asia or the Neotropics, see above) have a prefemoral spur on leg 1 or a corner spine on the ultimate prefemur (Fig. 107). The re-studied specimen of Alluropus calcaratus has a coxopleural process of medium length with apical and subapical + lateral (or posterior coxopleural?) spines (i.e. as in the corresponding pictures of Siriwut et al. 2018), relatively short ultimate legs, the prefemur with spines and a very characteristic comb-like corner spine (figs 22G, 22H of Siriwut et al. 2018). These characters are virtually identical to those of females of A. calcaratus as presented in Siriwut et al. (2018). (!) Alluropus Silvestri, 1911 Figs 110–112 Type species. Alluropus demangei Silvestri, 1911 (by monotypy). This species was synonymized with A. calcaratus (Pocock, 1891) (former Rhysida calcarata) by Siriwut et al. (2018: 1029). Diagnosis. Median tooth of labrum well developed. Forcipular tooth-plates present, trochantero-prefemur with well-developed process (Fig. 111). Tergites lacking longitudinal keels. Sternites with paramedian sutures which may be incomplete. LBS 7 with spiracles, the spiracles with atrium (fig. 21J in Siriwut et al. 2018). Legs with tarsal spur(s), legs 1 with prefemoral spur (Fig. 111). Coxopleural process normally developed, with spines (Fig. 110). Prefemur of the ultimate leg with numerous spines ventro-medially and ventro-laterally (not with “a row of shallow tubercles” as written in Edgecombe & Bonato 2011: 402). This prefemur with well-developed corner spine of characteristic shape: long and enlarged in males (Fig. 110) and visibly smaller, comb-like in females (Fig. 112, fig. 22H in Siriwut et al. 2018). Ultimate tarsus 1 in males considerably swollen, with short, blunt dorsodistal projection (Fig. 110) followed by a disproportionately slender tarsus 2; pretarsus well-developed, with accessory spines. Number of species. 1. Sexual dimorphism. Present. Remarks. Treated as a genus in Edgecombe & Bonato (2011: 402), Siriwut et al. (2018: 1005). The latter authors wrote in the Diagnosis of Alluropus (p. 1029): “... leg 1 with prefemoral ... spurs. ... Ultimate legs with male secondary sexual characters, such as swollen structure of tarsus 1 and dorsomedian projection [= corner spine] on prefemur” and (p. 1032): “The original description of R. calcarata also indicated characteristics of Alluropus, such as ... and a prefemoral process on the ultimate legs that has not been reported in most South-East Asian Rhysida such as R. longipes, R. singaporiensis, R. immarginata and R. monticola ”. Based on re-investigation of ZMMU’s material of both Rhysida (see Remarks above) and Alluropus calcaratus (Pocock, 1891) —an adult female ca 30 mm long from Central Laos (Rc 7161), mentioned by Schileyko (2007: 83) as Rhysida calcarata Pocock, 1891 —we confirm these characters as diagnostic for Alluropus. None of the re-studied specimens of Rhysida (from either South-East Asia or the Neotropics, see above) have a prefemoral spur on leg 1 or a corner spine on the ultimate prefemur (Fig. 107). The re-studied specimen of Alluropus calcaratus has a coxopleural process of medium length with apical and subapical + lateral (or posterior coxopleural?) spines (i.e. as in the corresponding pictures of Siriwut et al. 2018), relatively short ultimate legs, the prefemur with spines and a very characteristic comb-like corner spine (figs 22G, 22H of Siriwut et al. 2018). These characters are virtually identical to those of females of A. calcaratus as presented in Siriwut et al. (2018).
- Published as part of Schileyko, Arkady A., Vahtera, Varpu & Edgecombe, Gregory D., 2020, An overview of the extant genera and subgenera of the order Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda): a new identification key and updated diagnoses, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4825 (1) on pages 46-53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4825.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4402145